Pediatric and adolescent mood disorders include major depressive disorder (MDD), premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD), disruptive mood dysregulation disorder (DMDD), and bipolar disorder. MDD is characterized by persistent sadness, irritability, loss of interest in activities, changes in appetite and sleep patterns, fatigue, and thoughts of self-harm. PMDD manifests as severe mood swings, irritability, and physical symptoms that occur the week before the menstrual cycle. DMDD can look like frequent and severe temper outbursts that are disproportionate to the situation. Bipolar disorder involves mood swings between depressive episodes and periods of elevated mood, increased energy, impulsivity, and risky behavior. These disorders significantly impact academic performance, social interactions, daily functioning, and physical health. Early recognition and treatment are essential.